one of the problems during the air war in Vietnam was that LBJ was informed of an air blue on blue and so decided that all pilots had to visually identify their north vietnamese enemy aircraft which negated the range advantage of air to air missiles and not having guns fitted to the F4’s exacerbated the problem.
i see a similar problem happening to the F35’s if politicians demand pilots to make visual identification of enemy aircraft. close range again with no gun as a back up.
That was one of many aspects of the “missile only” Phantom’s problems in air to air. The missiles themselves were shown to be inadequate against a maneuvering small target. They had been designed to shoot down large lumbering bombers, not small agile fighters. The early model Sparrows, Sidewinders, and Falcons performed very poorly. Aside from the Phantom, all other USN/USAF fighter and fighter bomber types had guns, and scored kills with them (aside from the F-104). The first USAF/VPAF kill was scored by an F-100 with cannon fire.
I wonder whatever happed to all the M163 Vulcan tracks and towed trailers that the US Army used to have? Those would probably come in handy in Ukraine for anti drone and cruise missile point defense ADA. 20mm ammo isn’t that costly.